The global shape of Europa: Constraints on lateral shell thickness variations

The global shape of Europa is controlled by tidal and rotational potentials and possibly by lateral variations in ice shell thickness. We use limb profiles from four Galileo images to determine the best-fit hydrostatic shape, yielding a mean radius of 1560.8 ± 0.3   km and a radius difference a − c of 3.0 ± 0.9   km , consistent with previous determinations and inferences from gravity observations. Adding long-wavelength topography due to proposed lateral variations in shell thickness results in poorer fits to the limb profiles. We conclude that lateral shell thickness variations and long-wavelength isostatically supported topographic variations do not exceed 7 and 0.7 km, respectively. For the range of rheologies investigated (basal viscosities from 1014 to 10 15   Pa s ) the maximum permissible (conductive) shell thickness is 35 km. The relative uniformity of Europaʹs shell thickness is due to either a heat flux ⩾ 7   mW m −2 from the silicate interior, lateral ice flow at the base of the shell, or convection within the shell.