A New Platform Based on the Fe3O4 Nanoparticles, Ligand and Ionic Liquid: Application to the Sensitive Electrochemical Determination of the Lead Ion in Water and Fish Samples

In the present paper, the use of a modified electrochemical sensor for the determination of Pb2+ is described. The sensor is based on a carbon paste electrode modified with nitro benzoil diphenyl methylene phosphorane, N-octylpyridiumhexafluorophosphate (OPPF6) and Fe3O4 nanoparticles. In this work, the oxidation of lead at the modified electrodes was investigated by square wave voltammetry (SWV). The structure of the nanoparticle was investigated by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive X-ray spectrum. The effective parameters on the response of the electrode such as the effect of the electrode composition, pH of the solution, deposition potential and accumulation time, and also instrumental SWV method were studied. In optimum conditions, the anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV) was used for the determination of Pb2+. It is found that the calibration graphs of Pb2+ are linear in the concentration ranges from 1.20-120 nM. The detection limit of the method was 0.9 nM. The sensor was applied to validate its capability for the analysis of Pb2+ in the water and fish samples.