Prospect of Emission Reduction Standard for Sustainable Port Equipment Electrification

Despite efficient carbon monitoring system and the commercialization of battery technology for intra-port transportation, port management are found not deploying environmental equipmentsmainly due to high cost. Port authority who regulates environmental policies lacks leverage to impose tangible reduction standards on emission through concession. This model integrates sustainability into port equipment expansion theory by quantifying viable equipment electrification profile while still observing threeconstraints of operation, cost and environment. A benchmark emission reduction standard (ERS) is surveyed by Delphi method as environmental demand indicator thatsimulates for the electrification of port equipments. The results from Port of Tanjung Pelepas case study suggest an ERS implemented lower than 4% reduction a year is viable to retrofit and replace all electric rubber-tired gantries and prime movers. The simulation model allows informed decision for all port agents to establish viable environmental policies for sustainable port operations.