Loss of orally administered drugs in GI tract

The aim of this review is to provide a broad perspective on intestinal absorption and the impact of intestinal first-pass metabolism on both clearance and drug–drug interaction prediction along with its historical perspectives. The review also considers abilities to bridge the gap between the increasing amount of intestinal in vitro data and the importance of intestinal first-pass metab- olism in vivo. The significance of efflux transporters on the intestinal absorption is also discussed.