The crucial role of estrogen/androgen hormones and their receptors in male infertility risk

Steroid hormones, including androgen and estrogen, regulate gene transcription in several tissues, especially in reproductive systems. It has been shown that these hormones are vital for regulation of spermatozoa released from the epithelial cells of seminiferous tubes, a procedure which is characterized by endocytosis and broad regeneration of actin filaments. A subgroup of sterile men displayed decreased levels of testosterone and elevated concentrations of estrogen. Nevertheless, it is undecided how increased levels of estrogen could decrease male fertility potential. Though the molecular origin for estrogen-induced decreased male fertility levels remains vague, estrogen receptors (ERs) have an essential role in facilitating this procedure. In addition, the androgen hormone plays an important role in male reproductive system. They act through their receptors, the androgen receptor (AR). It has been reported that AR mutations could result in idiopathic male infertility. In this review, the role of estrogen and androgen hormones and their receptors in male infertility were discussed.