Therapeutic Aspects on Mycobacterium: Mycobacterial Cell-Envelope as a Target for Drug Development

Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative factor of tuberculosis (TB) infections, has an atypical outer membrane mostly consisting of lipids with long-chain and branched fatty acids termed mycolic acids. These lipids establish a permeability barrier that inhibits numerous environmental solutes from entering the bacteria, making them acid-fast and enabling them to thrive in harsh environments. To meet their target, anti-TB drugs need to penetrate this layer. This review focuses on drug development initiatives that have contributed to TB drug development, lipids’ roles in M. tuberculosis pathogenesis, and recently made fresh remarkable progress in developing novel lead chemical compounds that target their biosynthesis metabolisms. Selective bacterial membrane targeting as a promising therapeutic approach against persistent infectious diseases such as TB has been proposed in this review study.