Allium cepa Inhibits Aspergillus fumigatus Growth and Virulence and Suppresses the Expression of glip Gene Involved in Fungal Pathogenesis

Backgrounds: Allium cepa L. as a traditional medicine is a rich source of beneficial bioactive metabolites. In the present study, the effect of A. cepa ethanolic extract (EAC) was studied on Aspergillus fumigatus growth, ergosterol synthesis, gliotoxin production, and gliP gene expression. Materials Methods: The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of EAC (125-4000 µg/mL) was determined against A. fumigatus isolates according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines (M-38). Protease activity, gliotoxin production, cell membrane ergosterol content, ultrastructure, and gliP gene expression were evaluated in the fungus exposed to 0.5× MIC concentrations of EAC (1000 μg/mL) and fluconazole (FCZ: 64 μg/mL). Findings: Ergosterol content was significantly reduced to 0.53 and 0.45 µg/mg in FCZ- and EAC-treated fungal cells, respectively (p .001). The protease activity was significantly inhibited in both EAC- and FCZ-treated groups. The gliotoxin production was inhibited by 51.55 and 68.75% in the treated groups with FCZ and EAC, respectively. The expression of gliP in both EAC- and FCZ-treated A. fumigatus groups was significantly reduced by 0.40 and 0.53-fold, respectively (p .05). Conclusion: This study finding revealed that A. cepa ethanolic extract (EAC) effectively suppressed the growth and virulence factors of A. fumigatus, which could be attributed in part to its bioactive metabolites. Further studies are recommended to isolate and identify these metabolites as potential candidates for the development of antifungal drugs.