Influence of Age, Obesity, Smoking, Sleep duration, and Sleep Quality on Concentration, Morphology, and Sperm Motility: A Cross-Sectional Study

Background: Age, smoking, sleep duration, sleep quality, and obesity are risk factors that can affect the amount of sperm concentration, morphology, and motility. The aim of this study is to assess the lifestyle effects: age, smoking, sleep duration, sleep quality, and obesity on the amount of concentration, morphology, and motility of sperm. Materials and Methods: The study utilized an analytical observational approach with a cross-sectional design. The study subjects comprised 70 male partners of infertile couples admitted to the Sekar Fertility Clinic at the Dr. Moewardi General Hospital between March and August 2022. The study assessed variables including age, body mass index (BMI), smoking status, sleep duration, sleep quality, sperm concentration, sperm morphology, and sperm motility. Furthermore, the data were analyzed using univariate, bivariate, and multivariate methods with SPSS 25 software.Results: The research findings demonstrate that obesity is significantly associated with abnormal sperm concentration (OR=40.07; CI=3.90-411.67; P=0.002). Furthermore, moderate or heavy smoking is significantly associated with abnormal sperm concentration (OR=17.45; CI=1.83-166.15; P=0.013) and sleep quality with severe disorders (OR=5.73; CI=1.12-29.21; P=0.036). Moreover, obesity is significantly associated with abnormal sperm motility (OR=12.97; CI=2.66-63.15; P=0.002), while moderate or heavy smoking (OR=5.89; CI=1.23-28.20; P=0.026) and poor sleep duration (OR=6.21; CI=1.43-26.92; P=0.015) also exhibit significant associations with abnormal sperm motility. However, no significant findings were observed regarding sperm morphology. Conclusions: The findings of this study indicate that obesity, moderate or heavy smoking, and sleep quality have statistically significant effects on sperm concentration, while obesity, moderate or heavy smoking, and sleep duration have statistically significant effects on sperm motility. However, no statistically significant influence was observed on sperm morphology. Further research with larger sample sizes and more diverse populations is needed to validate these findings and explore other potential factors that may impact male fertility.