Numerical optimization of sample and die geometric parameters to increase the attainable temperature during spark plasma sintering of TiC ceramics

The present study offers a comprehensive thermal modeling of spark plasma sintering (SPS) for a titanium carbide (TiC) sample. Utilizing COMSOL Multiphysics Software, the research investigates the temperature distribution within the TiC sample, situated within a graphite die. The study employs governing equations for heat diffusion, augmented by terms accounting for Joule heating, to calculate temperature variations. Boundary conditions, particularly at the upper and lower limits of the system, are explicitly accounted for, with cooling mechanisms modeled as convection. Through the application of the Taguchi method and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), the study identifies the diameter of the sintering sample as the most significant parameter affecting the maximum temperature at the center of the TiC sample, with a significance of about 87%. The outer diameter of the graphite die followed with a significance of slightly more than 10%, and the thickness of the TiC sample had a significance of around 2%. The findings contribute to a nuanced understanding of the SPS process, offering valuable insights for optimizing the sintering parameters. Numerical results further underscore the importance of specific geometric parameters in the SPS process. This study serves as a robust foundation for future research aimed at refining the SPS process for TiC samples and other materials.