Photovoltaic powered reverse osmosis sea-water desalination systems

The Energy Charter Treaty and its associated Protocol on Energy Conservation is Athe first binding international law document which imposes obligations on Astates to reduce energy consumption in all sectors of the economy. This paper Aconsiders the extent of the obligations imposed by the Treaty and Protocol, and Aexamines which obligations are binding as opposed to merely hortatory and how Ainternational law interacts in this field with each countryʹs domestic laws. AThe paper concludes with a preview of likely future developments and Amodifications to the Energy Charter Treaty, including the likelihood and Apossible contents of further future Protocols, ,i 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. AAll rights reserved.