Influence of nonuniformity of ZnO varistors on their energy absorption capability

A simple thermo-mechanical model is applied to evaluate the influence of the nonuniformity of ZnO varistor disks used in surge arresters on their energy handling capability. Puncture is the dominating failure mode for slightly nonuniform disks, but cracking becomes more likely as the degree of nonuniformities increases. It is shown that minimization of the chance of a failure of varistor disks at high-current pulses can be achieved by adjusting their resistivity in the upturn region of the – characteristic. Simulation of the behavior of varistor disks under high-current 4/10 s pulses required by the ANSI standard tests shows that these tests provide very little information about the actual energy handling capability of the disks. This conclusion suggests that alternate test methods should be developed and included in the relevant standards.