Parameter Determination for Modeling System Transients—Part III: Transformers

Transformer modeling for transient simulations has many challenges because of nonlinear and frequency-dependent behavior. Some of the model parameters are relatively easy to obtain from standard factory tests. Other parameters can only be obtained from special tests or by estimation. This paper provides guidelines for the estimation of transformer model parameters for low- and mid-frequency transient simulations. The paper also discusses several transformer models that can be used for transient simulation.