Improved instantaneous frequency estimation using an adaptive short-time Fourier transform

Instantaneous frequency estimation (IFE) arises in a variety of important applications, including FM demodulation. We present here a new time–frequency representation (TFR)-based approach to IFE based on an adaptive short-time Fourier transform (ASTFT). This TFR leads naturally to a type of short-term ML estimator of the IF. To further improve the performance, we apply a multistate hidden Markov model (HMM)-based post-estimation tracker. The end result is up to a 16-dB reduction in the threshold SNR over the frequency discriminator (FD) and an 8-dB improvement over phase-locked loop (PLL) for a Rayleigh fading channel.