Use of biosolids in the forest: Technology, economics and regulations

Biosolids represent a major waste by-product from society that must be managed in responsible ways. Because of its high nutrient and organic matter content, biosolids can be beneficially recycled into forest sites for site improvement purposes. Research to date on forest application of biosolids has clearly demonstrated the validity of this management technique. Since the early 1970s, many aspects of biosolids use in forests have been investigated, leading to the development of application techniques, operations and management practices, and assessment of environmental impacts. Growth response measurements suggest that, depending upon the actual transportation cost, there is a high potential that the additional growth will either offset or exceed the costs of applications. To supplement technological advances and documentation of benefits, new regulations, based on technically sound exposure risk assessment, and guidelines describe the framework for proper management practices. These will often include recommendations for site selection, site design and site plans. This paper describes the major advances in technology, economics and regulations that have made the forest an attractive alternative for biosolids use.