Emissions due to fossil-fuel consumption and cement production in Turkey (1970–1991)

Standard emission factors are used for estimating levels of particulate matter (PM), SOx, CO, volatile organic compounds (VOC), NOx and CO2. Results are presented for different fuels and energy-consuming sectors. In the early 1970s households utilizing lignite made the most significant contributions to emissions, while manufacturing industries with both lignite and petroleum utilization were responsible for SOx, NOx, and PM emissions. Households continued to produce the same CO and VOC emissions and manufacturing industries continued to be responsible for NOx emissions through the 1970–1990 period. Power production had gained in importance with regard to SOx, CO2, and PM emissions by 1990.