A new higher-order hybrid-mixed curved beam element

The purpose of this work is to show the successful use of nodeless degrees of freedom in developing a highly accurate, locking free hybrid-mixed C0 curved beam element. In the performance evaluation process of the present Þeld-consistent higher-order element, the e¤ect of Þeld consistency and the role of higher-order interpolation on both displacement-type and hybrid-mixed-type elements are carefully examined. Several benchmark tests conÞrm the superior behaviour of the present element