Mixed-dimensional coupling in finite element models

In many nite element analysis models it would be desirable to combine reduced- or lower-dimensional element types with higher-dimensional element types in a single model. In order to achieve compatibility of displacements and stress equilibrium at the junction or interface between the di ering element types, it is important in such cases to integrate into the analysis some scheme for coupling the element types. A novel and e ective scheme for establishing compatibility and equilibrium at the dimensional interface is described and its merits and capabilities are demonstrated.