Arbitrary discontinuities in finite elements

A technique for modelling arbitrary discontinuities in nite elements is presented. Both discontinuities in the function and its derivatives are considered. Methods for intersecting and branching discontinuities are given. In all cases, the discontinuous approximation is constructed in terms of a signed distance functions, so level sets can be used to update the position of the discontinuities. A standard displacement Galerkin method is used for developing the discrete equations. Examples of the following applications are given: crack growth, a journal bearing, a non-bonded circular inclusion and a jointed rock mass