Adjoint state method for shape sensitivity analysis in non-steady forming applications

This paper introduces the adjoint state method in non-steady state forming processes, such as forging, whereas this method is more frequently used for steady-state problems. Some practical details for an e cient implementation are given. The emphasis is put on the accuracy of the sensitivity analysis for problems with remeshings and transfers of variables. The precision of the calculated derivatives is veri ed by comparing its results with the direct di erentiation method. The adjoint state method is then applied to shape optimization problems