Passivation and corrosion phenomena on lead-calcium-tin alloys of lead/acid battery positive electrodes

The corrosion behaviour of lead-calcium-tin alloys has been examined at two anodization potentials that correspond, respectively, to overcharge and to passivation by PbO conditions. The role of tin on the passivation phenomenon is examined in detail, while the evolution of hardening and microstructure is followed on the same samples, namely, grids (expanded and gravity cast) with different tin levels and strips, manufactured from primary or secondary lead.