Electrochemical modelling of lead/acid batteries under operating conditions of electric vehicles

In order to overcome deficiencies of phenomenological models of batteries for electric vehicles, this paper analyses models based on electrochemical laws. Considering one space coordinate, there are essentially two approaches: (i) macrohomogeneous and (ii) single-pore models. It is shown that they are equivalent under general assumptions. A macrohomogeneous model of a valve-regulated lead/acid battery is calculated for a highly dynamic discharge current pattern. Simulated voltage as a function of time matches experimental results, but further work is necessary, especially in a careful determination of several empirical parameters. Finally, battery models restricted to ordinary differential equations are discussed as an approximation of spatial models.