Fundamental flaws in the five factor model: A re-analysis of the seminal correlation matrix from which the “openness-to-experience” factor was extracted

The investigation entailed a re-analysis of the seminal 16PF scale correlation matrix from which an “openness-to-experience” factor was extracted by Costa and McCrae (1976). It compared a 3-factor promax solution to the seminal matrix with two recent 3-factor solutions. Although the extraversion and neuroticism factors replicated in all three studies, the “openness-to-experience” factor did not, appearing in only the 3-factor solution to the Costa & McCrae matrix. A Scree Test applied to a principal components solution to the seminal matrix showed that a 3-factor solution was incorrect. A 6-factor solution to the seminal matrix was compared to two methodologically rigorous 6-factor solutions to the 16PF scales. A high degree of congruence between all 3 solutions, with factors of extraversion, neuroticism, independence, control, toughmindedness and intelligence, was apparent. It was concluded that there was no evidence to support the existence of an “openness-to-experience” factor and that the results also explained why psychologists who claim consensus on the number of factors in the “Big Five” fail to agree on their nature.