Development of a Situation×Trait Adaptive Response (STAR) model-based smoking motivation questionnaire

The Situation×Trait Adaptive Response Smoking Motivation Questionnaire (STAR-SMOQ) was developed to assess dimensions of conscious motivation to smoke, as well as desire to smoke, and probability of smoking across a number of situations, using a theoretical scale construction strategy based on the STAR model of smoking motivation proposed by Gilbert [Gilbert, D. G. (1995). Smoking: individual differences, psychopathology, and emotion. Washington, DC: Taylor & Francis]. Item analysis of a 97-item version of the STAR-SMOQ using a sample of 215 undergraduate smokers yielded 55 items covering four dimensions (Cognitive Enhancement, Pleasure Enhancement, Negative Affect Reduction [with Anger, Anxiety, and Depression subscales], and Weight/Appetite Control). Internal consistency reliability coefficients for the resulting four scales ranged from 0.87 to 0.94. Preliminary validation of STAR-SMOQ scales was conducted using a sample of 155 student and adult smokers. As predicted, the STAR-SMOQ scales showed modest correlations with theoretically related scales of the Russell Smoking Motivation Questionnaire (RSMQ) and the Revised NEO Personality Inventory Neuroticism Scale. For example, the Depression facet of the NEO-PI-R correlated more highly with the STAR-SMOQ Desire When Depressed subscale than with any RSMQ scales. Validity of the Appetite/Weight control scale was supported by the finding that females scored higher than males on this measure.