Pathophysiology of childhood anxiety disorders

Prior reviews on the pathophysiology of anxiety consistently note the need for more research on biological aspects of childhood social phobia, separation anxiety disorder, and generalized anxiety disorder. The current review summarizes biological research that is relevant to these three disorders. In the first part of the review, barriers that have prevented progress in this area are delineated, and recent developments are discussed that set the stage for major advances in research on childhood anxiety disorders. In the second part of the review, studies are discussed that provide insights on the pathophysiology of childhood social phobia, separation anxiety disorder, and generalized anxiety disorder. Research on each specific disorder illustrates the manner in which recent developments in biological research facilitate novel research approaches uniquely suited for answering essential clinical questions in research on both childhood and adult anxiety disorders. For example, in research on social phobia, biological studies might enhance understandings of the longitudinal associations between individual childhood and adult disorders. In research on separation anxiety disorder, biological studies might enhance understanding on family-genetic associations between childhood and adult disorders. Finally, in research on generalized anxiety disorder, biological studies might enhance understandings of comorbidities among distinct childhood and adult disorders, particularly with respect to the relationship between anxiety and depressive disorders.