Effects of δ-aminolevulinic acid and melatonin in the harderian gland of female syrian hamsters

Effects of δ-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) and melatonin were investigated in the female Syrian hamster Harderian gland. This is an organ physiologically exposed to strong oxidative stress due to the highest porphyrinogenic rates known in nature. Enzyme activities of porphyrin biosynthesis and of antioxidative protection, oxidative protein modification, and histological integrity were studied. In the porphyrin biosynthetic pathway, ALA and melatonin acted synergistically by downregulating ALA synthase (ALA-S) and stimulating product formation from ALA; the combination of ALA and melatonin suppressed ALA-S activity, down to about 1% of that in controls. While ALA effects on porphyrinogenesis can be interpreted in terms of homeostasis, melatonin’s actions may be seen in relation to seasonality and/or reduction of oxidative stress. Among antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione reductase (GR) activities were diminished by ALA, presumably due to the vulnerability of their active centers to free radicals, whereas melatonin moderately increased SOD. Both ALA and melatonin strongly stimulated catalase (CAT), thereby counteracting the oxidative stress induced by ALA and its metabolites. Nevertheless, exogenous ALA caused a strong net rise in protein carbonyl and considerable damage of tissue. When given together with ALA, melatonin antagonized these effects and largely protected the integrity of glandular structures.