In vitro effects of bone cements on the cell cycle of osteoblast-like cells

The effects of orthopaedic cements on the proliferation and cell cycle of in vitro cultured MG63 osteoblast-like cells were examined. Five different cements were mixed and extracted at different time intervals (15 and 60 min, 6, 24 and 48 h). Cell proliferation inhibition (CPI) was evaluated after 72 h culture as the toxicity parameter. As for the toxicity degree, the extracts were considered to have ‘high toxicity’ (CPI greater-or-equal, slanted 50%), ‘medium toxicity’ (50% > CPI > 25%), ‘slow toxicity’ (CPI less-than-or-equals, slant 25%) and ‘no toxicity’ (CPI = 0). Cell cycle phases of MG63 cells were evaluated at 24, 48 and 72 h by flow cytometry; the DNA content was assessed using the propidium iodide uptake and the percentage of cells in the S phase was determined using 5′-bromodeoxyuridine uptake. According to our results, the toxicity is inversely correlated with the time interval between polymerization and extract preparation, and is different according to the cement type. For some cements the effects are still observed 48 h after polymerization. The damaging effect is not linked to a specific phase of the cell cycle, nor does it hamper the restarting of cell proliferation at 72 h.