Thermodynamic and economic considerations in solar desalination

The thermodynamic efficiency of single-basin and multiple-effect solar water desalination systems was critically reviewed with special emphasis on humidification¯¯dehumidification processes. Solar energy may be used, either directly or indirectly, to produce fresh water. The concept of using the humidification¯¯dehumidification process in combination with the growth of crops in a greenhouse system, however, is relatively new. System economics was also covered since it affects the final cost of produced water. While a system may be technically very efficient, it may not be economic. The challenges and opportunities of solar energy were also briefly discussed. The paper closes with a summary of key factors affecting system performance and recommendations for future areas of investigation and development.