Glass-reinforced hydroxyapatite composites: fracture toughness and hardness dependence on microstructural characteristics

Fracture toughness and hardness properties of CaO–P2O5 glass-reinforced hydroxyapatite composites have been assessed using indentation techniques and results calculated according to Laugier and Evans’ equations. Both properties showed to be dependent upon several microstructural characteristics, namely residual porosity and the percentage of secondary β and α tricalcium phosphate phases in the structure of the composites. Composites presented a Palmqvist-type indentation crack system, which is the specific crack system addressed by Laugierʹs approach. Fracture toughness determinations according to Evanʹs equation, which is a universal one and adapted to both median and Palmqvist crack systems, did not correlate well with Laugier determinations.