On the Various Approaches to Enhancing the Conductivity of Sodium Sulfate: Review and Current Developments

The electron microscopy study of the Ru-doped manganites Sm0.2Ca0.8Mn1-xRuxO3 (0lessthan xless-than 0.10) shows that the magnetic properties of these materials are strongly correlated to their microstructure. Charge ordering induced by Mn-site doping is shown for the first time, in contrast to what is generally observed. It is shown that Ru-doping paradoxically favors the simultaneous development of ferromagnetic orthorhombic domains and charge-ordered antiferromagnetic domains at low temperature, starting from a monophasic orthorhombic paramagnetic sample at room temperature. This structural phase separation phenomenon at low temperature is explained in terms of two antagonist effects introduced by Ru5+ substitution: ferromagnetic superexchange interactions and Mn valency