Automated Docking of Ligands to Antibodies: Methods and Applications

Many approaches to studying protein–ligand interactions by computational docking are currently available. Given the structures of a protein and a ligand, the ultimate goal of all docking methods is to predict the structure of the resulting complex. This requires a suitable representation of molecular structures and properties, search algorithms to efficiently scan the configuration space for favorable interaction geometries, and accurate scoring functions to evaluate and rank the generated orientations. For many of the available methods, tests on experimentally known antibody–antigen or antibody–hapten complexes have appeared in the literature. In addition, some of them have been used in predictive studies on antibody–ligand interactions to provide structural insights where adequate experimental information is missing. The AutoDock program is presented as example of a method for flexibly docking ligands to antibodies. Applying parameters of the secondgeneration AMBER force field, three antibody–hapten complexes (AN02, DB3, NC6.8) are used as new test cases to analyze the ability of the method to reproduce experimental findings. The X-ray structures could be reconstituted and the corresponding solutions were ranked with best energy score in all cases. Docking to the free instead of the complexed NC6.8 structure indicated the limits of the rigid protein treatment, although fairly good guesses about the location of the binding site and the contact residues could still be obtained if conformational flexibility was allowed at least in the ligand.