Gender equity and socioeconomic inequality: a framework for the patterning of womenʹs health

This paper explores the interrelationship of gender equity and socioeconomic inequality and how they affect womenʹs health at the macro- (country) and micro- (household and individual) levels. An integrated framework draws theoretical perspectives from both approaches and from public health. Determinants of womenʹs health in the geopolitical environment include country-specific history and geography, policies and services, legal rights, organizations and institutions, and structures that shape gender and economic inequality. Culture, norms and sanctions at the country and community level, and sociodemographic characteristics at the individual level, influence womenʹs productive and reproductive roles in the household and workplace. Social capital, roles, psychosocial stresses and resources, health services, and behaviors mediate social, economic and cultural effects on health outcomes. Inequality between and within households contributes to the patterning of womenʹs health. Within the framework, relationships may vary depending upon womenʹs lifestage and cohort experience. Examples of other relevant theoretical frameworks are discussed. The conclusion suggests strategies to improve data, influence policy, and extend research to better understand the effect of gender and socioeconomic inequality on womenʹs health.