Achieving Universal Access to Broadband

The paper discusses appropriate policy measures for achieving universal access to broad-band services in Europe. Access can be delivered by means of many different technology solu-tions described in the paper. This means a greater degree of competition and affects the kind of policy measures to be applied. The paper concludes that other policy measure than the classical universal service obligation are in play, and discusses various policy measures tak-ing the Lisbon process as a point of departure. Available policy measures listed in the paper include, universal service obligation, harmonization, demand stimulation, public support for extending the infrastructure, public private partnerships (PPP), and others