Radioactivity and radiological risk associated with effluent sediment containing technologically enhanced naturally occurring radioactive materials in amang (tin tailings) processing industry

The processing of amang, or tin tailings, for valuable minerals has been shown to technologically enhance NORM and this has stirred significant radiological safety and health concerns among Malaysiaʹs regulatory authority. A growing radiological concern is now focused on the amang effluent containing NORM in recycling ponds, since these ponds may be reclaimed for future residential developments. A study was carried out to assess the radiological risk associated with amang processing and the accumulated effluent in the recycling ponds. Twenty-six sediment samples from the recycling ponds of two amang plants in the states of Selangor and Perak, Malaysia, were collected and analyzed. The maximum activity concentrations of 238U, 226Ra, 232Th and 40K recorded in sediments from these ponds were higher than Malaysiaʹs and the worldʹs natural highest. Correspondingly, the mean radium equivalent activity concentration indices, Raeq, and gamma radiation representative level index, Iγr, were higher than the worldʹs average. The enhancement of NORM in effluent sediments as a consequence of amang processing, and the use of a closed water management recycling system created Effective Dose Rates, E (nSv h−1), that signal potential environmental radiological risks in these ponds, should they be reclaimed for future land use.