Gene–nutrition interaction in human performance and exercise response

Recent advances in human performance research have revealed new insight into the many factors that influence how an individual responds to exercise training. Response to exercise interventions is often highly variable among individuals, however, and exercise response may be mediated in large part by variation in genes and nutrition and by gene–environment interactions. It is well established that the quality and quantity of nutritional intake play a critical role in response to training and in athletic performance. The bodyʹs adaptation to exercise is also the result of changes in expression of genes mediated not only by exercise but by multiple factors, including the interaction between exercise, components of dietary intake, and genetic variation. This review explores the effects of genetic variation and gene–nutrition interactions in response to exercise training and athletic performance.