Stress concepts and forest trees

Conceptual models of stress reactions and tolerance in plants have been addressed several times. However,. most models rarely consider reaction to multiple stress factors or can be related to plant structure. In this paper, a conceptual model of tree reactions to stress and adaptation to stress is presented. The model is based on the morphology and physiology of trees. In particular the model is based on the concept that any changes in morphology and physiology will have advantages and disadvantages for particular environmental conditions of pollution environments. Changes in morphology and physiology. in the form of adaptation, have a cost to the tree, and will have advantages and disadvantages if a number of stress factors are considered. This conceptual model is presented in the framework of examples from the litaerature and from the authorʹs own work, and applied to tree reactions and tree adaptation to stress.