A review of the environmental fate, effects, and exposures of bisphenol A

Bisphenol A (CAS 85-05-7) may be released into the environment through its use and handling, and permitted discharges. BPA is moderately soluble (I20 to 300 mg/L at pH 7), may adsorb to sediment (Koc 314 to 1524), has low volatility, and is not persistent based on its rapid biodegradation in acclimated wastewater treatment plants and receiving waters (half-lives 2.5 to 4 days). BPA is “slightly to moderately” toxic (algal EC50 of 1000 μg/L) and has low potential for bioaccumulation in aquatic organisms (BCFs 5 to 68). The chronic NOEC for Daphnia magna is >3146 pg/L. Surface water concentrations are at least one to several orders of magnitude lower than chronic effects, with most levels nondetected.