Ecotoxicological testing with new kinetic Photorhabdus luminescens growth and luminescence inhibition assays in microtitration scale

Miniaturized luminescence and growth inhibition assays in microtitration plates with the terrestric enthomopathogenic nematode symbiont Photorhabdus luminescens (DSMZ 3368T) are presented and compared with standardized tests with Vibrio fischeri (DSMZ 7151/NRRLB-11177) and Pseudomonas putida (DSMZ 50026). Toxicological parameters (EC and G values) of selected reference toxicants (e.g. heavy metals and environmental samples) were obtained at different temperatures and without sodium chloride supplementation. Kinetic data recordings were compared with results of a cuvette test protocol using integral and endpoint calculation. Growth inhibition experiments with reference samples reveal similar or higher sensitivities as for the Vibrio or Pseudomonas spp. The luminescence inhibition assay shows reduced sensitivities to most of the reference samples compared with the V. fischeri standard assay. But G values obtained with other standardized aquatic assay systems with daphnids, algae and growth inhibition assays with V. fischeri and Ps. putida correspond more closely to data observed with Ph. luminescens. The test procedures are easily to perform and to evaluate and seem to be reliable alternatives to the established protocols at low osmolarities. The sample specifity of the toxic responses of the marine and the terrestric strain recommends to employ both assays to determine the toxic potential of environmental samples. This will support to reduce false positive results in future investigations.