Origin of Nama Basin bitumen seeps: Petroleum derived from a Permian lacustrine source rock traversing southwestern Gondwana

Biodegraded bitumens associated with quartz and calcite veins in the Cambrian Fish River Subgroup sediments of the Nama Group of southern Namibia have a geochemical signature diagnostic for organic matter that was deposited in a saline lacustrine palaeoenvironment. In particular, they contain abundant gammacerane, β-carotane and 3β-methylhopanes while 24-isopropyl cholestanes and dinosteroids are not detectable. Sealed tube hydrous pyrolysis of asphaltene and polar fractions yielded saturated hydrocarbons amenable to C isotopic analysis, and these analyses show unusually low δ13C values. These combined characteristics are also present in immature bitumens from the Permian Irati Formation of Brazil and a saline lacustrine facies of the Whitehill Formation in the Karoo Basin, South Africa. We conclude that the bitumens originated from Whitehill equivalent strata of the Kalahari Basin deposited in what was an extensive saline lacustrine basin in southwestern Gondwana during the Early Permian. In southern Africa, source rocks of the Whitehill Formation are generally immature for petroleum generation and it is therefore likely that the Nama bitumens were expelled by contact metamorphism during emplacement of Karoo dolerite sills and dykes in the Jurassic.