Air quality in Brunei Darussalam during the 1998 haze episode

Regional haze from biomass burning in SE Asia is a recurring air pollution phenomenon with a potential impact on the health of several hundred million people. Air quality data in Brunei Darussalam during the 1998 haze episode revealed that only particulate matter is a significant pollutant. The WHO guideline of 70 μg m−3 for PM10 (24 h average) was exceeded on 54 days during the haze episode which lasted from 1 February to 30 April 1998. Concentrations of SO2, NO2, and O3 were all below WHO guidelines and the 8 h guideline for CO was exceeded on only seven occasions. Average daily PM10 concentrations were below 450 μg m−3 but concentrations greater than 600 μg m−3 persisted for several hours at a time and total exposure to such high concentrations could add up to several days over the course of a haze episode. Airborne particles exhibited diurnal variation, typically rising through the night to very high levels in the early morning and thereafter decreasing due largely to meteorological factors. The pollutant standards index (PSI), widely used to report urban air quality, may not be suitable for haze from forest fires as it does not take into account short-term exposure to extremely high particle concentrations of up to 1 mg m−3.