Evolutionary branching and long-term coexistence of cycling predators: Critical function analysis

It is well known that two predators with different functional responses can coexist on one prey when the system exhibits nonequilibrium dynamics. In this paper, we investigate under which conditions such coexistence is evolutionarily stable, and whether the two predators may evolve from a single ancestor via evolutionary branching. We assume that predator strategies differ in handling time, and hence in the shape of their Holling type II functional response. Longer handling times are costly in terms of lost foraging time, but allow the predator to extract more nutrients from the prey and therefore to produce more offspring per consumed prey. In the analysis, we apply a new method to accommodate arbitrary trade-off functions between handling time and offspring production. Contrary to previous results obtained assuming a particular trade-off [Kisdi, E. and Liu, S., 2006. J. Evol. Biol. 19, 49–58], we find that evolutionary branching of handling time is possible, although it does not appear to be very likely and can be excluded for a class of trade-offs. Evolutionarily stable coexistence of two predators occurs under less restrictive conditions, which are always satisfied when the trade-off function has two strongly concave parts connected by a convex piece.