Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Interaction of indapamide and related diuretics with 12 mammalian isozymes and X-ray crystallographic studies for the indapamide–isozyme II adduct

Diuretics such as hydrochlorothiazide, hydroflumethiazide, quinethazone, metolazone, chlorthalidone, indapamide, furosemide, and bumetanide containing primary sulfamoyl moieties were reevaluated as inhibitors of 12 human carbonic anhydrases (hCAs, EC 4.2.1.1). These drugs considerably inhibit (low nanomolar range) some CA isozymes involved in critical physiologic processes, among the 16 present in vertebrates, for example, metholazone against CA VII, XII, and XIII, chlorthalidone against CA VB, VII, IX, XII, and XIII, indapamide against CA VII, IX, XII, and XIII, furosemide against CA I, II, and XIV, and bumethanide against CA IX and XII. The X-ray crystal structure of the hCA II–indapamide adduct was also resolved at high resolution.