Lymphocyte subset patterns and cytokine production in Alzheimerʹs disease patients

To investigate the signs of inflammatory processes in Alzheimerʹs disease (AD), we examined peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from 51 AD patients (29 with mild and 22 with moderately severe dementia) and 51 age-matched healthy controls (HC), using flow cytometry to analyse the absolute number and the percentage of T, B and NK cells. We also studied the surface expression of CD25, CD28, CD57, CD71, CD45RA and CD45RO markers on cells CD4+ and CD8+. In 30 AD patients and 20 HC the production of IL-2, IFN-γ, IL-10 and TNF-α by PBMC after stimulation with [25–35], [1–40] and [1–16] beta-amyloid (βA) fragments was also evaluated. A significant decrease in circulating B and CD8+CD28− cells, as well as an increase in CD8+ cells expressing CD71+ and CD28+, was observed in AD patients. A significant decrease in IL-10 production was also found after stimulation of PMBC with βA [1–40]. The decreased IL-10 production was not related to disease severity. The observed imbalance of immune peripheral cell subpopulations and decreased IL-10 production point to a reduction of suppressor cell function in AD patients.