A theoretical model for the stress distribution in granular matter. II. Forces in pipes

As an application of the model we have developed for the stress within a granular material we consider the force distribution within vertical and horizontal pipes. For a vertical pipe (with rough walls) the average forces in the system follow the arch of a catenary between the walls. For a horizontal pipe pressure exerted at one end of the pipe is transmitted in right cones to the walls with the stress free region ending in a cone whose apex is the face of the open end.