Penna model from the perspective of one geneticist

Penna model of ageing predicts many phenomena in population dynamics. Since the model assumes that all genes in genomes are switched on chronologically and that there are no structural differences between male and female genomes, it cannot explain genetic death before birth and differences in mortality rates of men and women. I suggest adding the set of housekeeping genes, which are switched on during the embryo development, to the “death genes” of Penna model. Taking into account the large fraction of genes located on X chromosome whose deleterious mutations exert dominant effect on the male phenotype and recessive on the female phenotype would make it possible to avoid introducing somatic mutations as a cause of higher mortality of men. The modelling of linkage disequilibrium and its implications on eugenics have also been suggested.