Effect of cryopreservation of bovine sperm organelle function and viability as determined by flow cytometry

Flow cytometry was used to compare the functional status of fluorescently stained sperm organelles from 12 Holstein bulls after storage for 24 h at 5 degrees C and after cryopreservation. The organelle-specific stains, SYBR-14 and LysoTracker Green DND-26, identified spermatozoa with intact plasmalemma and those with intact acrosomes, respectively. The mitochondria-specific stain, 5,5ʹ,6,6ʹtetrachloro-1,1ʹ,3,3ʹ-tetraethylbenzimidazolyl-carbocyan ine iodide (JC- 1), identified two populations of spermatozoa. One population stained red-orange because the JC-1 accumulated in the mitochondria as aggregates (characteristic of cells exhibiting a high membrane potential); a second population stained green because of JC-1 monomers within the mitochondria (characteristic of cells exhibiting a lower membrane potential). Analysis of variance revealed that within bulls, the properties of sperm viability, intact acrosomes, and mitochondrial status differed in spermatozoa stored for 24 h (p < 0.001) but not in cryopreserved spermatozoa (p > 0.11). Linear regression analyses resulted in significant models in which the proportions of stained spermatozoa stored for 24 h were indicative of those proportions observed in the cryopreserved fractions. These findings suggest that the plasmalemma, the acrosome, and the mitochondria of unfrozen spermatozoa varied as to their functional status. The cryopreservation process, however, resulted in a more uniform status of sperm organelles.