A primal–dual algorithm for shakedown analysis of structures Original Research Article

The paper describes a primal–dual algorithm for shakedown analysis of structures with the use of kinematically admissible finite elements. Starting from Koiter kinematic theorem, a primal–dual optimization condition is established by adopting static terms as complementary variables. Newton-like iterations are performed to give both upper and quasi-lower bounds of the load factor that converge rapidly to the accurate solution of shakedown limit.