Rephase-invariant CP-violating observables and mixings in the B0-, D0- and K0- systems

We present a general model-independent and rephase-invariant formalism that cleanly relates observables to the fundamental parameters and explicitly separates different types of CP violation in the B0-, D0- and K0- systems. We emphasize its importance when interpreting experimental measurement of CP violation, the unitarity triangle, and probes of new physics.