Enforcement, payments, and development projects near protected areas: how the market setting determines what works where

This paper examines a model of the decisions made by developing country protected area managers that recognizes that rural people react to policies differently in various market settings. For each of three market settings, the paper identifies the make-up of an optimal management plan that consists of three possible policies: enforcement, agricultural development projects, and conservation payments. The results ground a discussion of the likelihood of success of conservation policies, the failure of Integrated Conservation and Development Projects, and the use of some policies as mechanisms to compensate rural people for lost access to resources within protected areas.