Circuit model for multiple transverse mode vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers

The modeling of multimode operation in vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser diodes is difficult because spatial interaction between modes makes the problem very complex. In this paper, a novel circuit model is presented for such lasers, which is based on spatially dependent rate equations, and thus spatial hole burning and carrier diffusion are taken into account. These effects are studied in direct-modulated microwave vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers by showing linear and nonlinear simulation examples in both time and frequency domains.