Uncertainty and precaution in environmental management: Insights from the UPEM conference

Communication across the science-policy interface is complicated by uncertainty and ignorance associated with predictions on which to base policies. The international symposium ‘‘Uncertainty and Precaution in Environmental Management’’ (UPEM) addressed the philosophy, approaches and scientific tools associated with the analysis and communication of uncertainty and ignorance to decisions makers in relation to the Precautionary Principle. This paper presents a sample of highlights and insights of UPEM of relevance to the environmental modeling communities. Key insights include: (1) Systematic long-term monitoring and learning are essential. (2) More attention is needed for model structure uncertainty and equifinality. (3) Explicit value articulation in environmental assessment is essential. (4) Sophisticated uncertainty assessment and Quality Assurance methodsdsuch as the Walker et al. conceptual uncertainty framework, NUSAP, and codes of uncertaintyexplicit modeling practice from RIVM and EPAdare now available and on their way of becoming main stream. (5) There is a wide range of precautionary interventions (a ban is not the only option). (6) Legal and Ethical dimensions of precautiondsuch as liability, burden of proof, inter- and intra generational equitydrequire more thought. (7) The problems that developing countries face in implementing the Precautionary Principle need more attention.